Article Critique-Business Management Dynamics for Productivity

Question: Talk about thArticle Critique-Business Management Dynamics for Productivity. Answer: Presentation The article looks to distinguish the impacts of the inspiration strategies that the directors utilize to guarantee that the efficiency of the association is accomplished and their application. In the theoretical of the article, the writer discusses proficiency being the fundamental certainty in the life of the individuals in any enterprise(Bruursema, Kari Kessler, Stacy R Spector, Paul E, 2011). The creator says that the abilities and possibilities of individuals are required for the achievement of any association. The writer of this article unveils that the inspiration procedures that are utilized by the administrators in an association are determinants of their laborers' gifts, abilities, and possibilities. By utilizing the inspiration strategies, the accomplishment of the undertaking or association will be seen. The exploration issue being tended to in this article tries to investigate the discernments that supervisors have towards the assembling offices required by the current workforce. The article depends on an exploration directed by the specialist on an example populace of 229 people. Among the 229 staff, 183 worked in three texture and weaving offices and the other 46 were the production line administrators. The information has been gathered utilizing surveys and the use of representatives scaling procedures inside the organization. Measurable bundle for sociologies was utilized to examine the investigation for the impacts of inspirational strategies applied by directors to build the efficiency of representatives. The hugeness level was tried and settled that there was no typical difference for any factor. The creator begins by saying that the world is changing at a rate with the end goal that it influences the associations both decidedly and adversely. As per the creators, productivity is one of the main factors that influence the accomplishment of the undertaking in positive and negative manners. This realizes contention on the grounds that the proficiency of the representatives for the most part influences the accomplishment of any association emphatically. Proficiency achieves the accomplishment of the association where it utilizes openings from the evolving environment(Nguyen, Mark, 2011). Effectiveness is portrayed just like the capacity to guarantee profitability of the undertaking. The venture ought to guarantee high proficiency on account of rising rivalry. As per the writers of this article, productivity has no definition that is accomplished by accord, however this isn't right. This is on the grounds that productivity has been characterized diversely by various creators. Effectiveness has been characterized as end of existing issues, observations and giving the best everyday environments to employees(Writer, Staff, 2016). Its the minimization of expenses to upgrade profitability by safeguarding the workplace and regular territories for laborers. Adequacy is accomplished by planning of crude materials for the creation, synthetic concoctions to be utilized in the creation procedure, move examples of workers and pay rates paid just as the expense of crude materials utilized underway procedure. Productivity is the connection between the gained item and crude materials required to deliver the item. Its the reasonable usage of assets, capital, crude materials and the know-how(Nguyen, Mark, 2011). It's where an effective and beneficial creation is accomplished because of the speculation began to make creation. The significance is allowed in the year which the speculation expanded, and life's rising began. As per the writers of this article, proficiency is essential to the workers, administrators, undertaking and furthermore the network. Proficiency in an association is influenced by various components not just the workers as stressed by the article. Equipment's, vitality, strategic approaches and furthermore innovation influences the proficiency of an endeavor. The extension of the business is because of the development and advancement of the specialized limit and representatives growth(Radoff, Jon, 2011). This implies the errands and obligations of representatives are advanced in light of the fact that they satisfy various undertakings of the endeavor exercises. Occupation advancement implies that the representatives are persuaded after they have embraced their undertakings by the administration. This ought not be the situation in light of the fact that the workers ought to be roused in any event, when they have not cultivated a few assignments. This gives them greater support to complete their errands most adequately and productively. The hours wherein the business should work productively ought to be determined by the article; this realizes an inconsistency in that the technique used to compute the hours may some of the time be one-sided. As indicated by this article, numerous reasons develop to achieve low productivity in an undertaking. Undesirable and risky workplace influences the representatives whereby the rooms are not all around ventilated, cleaned and warm consequently prompting decline in their proficiency. The connections between the laborers and the chiefs likewise matter(Schultz Schultz, Duane, 2010). In the event that the relationship is horrible, at that point the representatives won't have the option to accomplish the objectives and focuses of the association or business. How the representatives carry on towards one another influences productivity, in the event that they don't relate well, at that point there will be no harmony on the grounds that the workplace won't be appropriate because of contentions among themselves. Representatives should be consistently persuaded, if not they will lose the confidence of working and thus low profitability to the business. Low installments to the workers diminish their effectiveness since they hope to be paid measure of cash as per the errands done. At the point when given high installments, they are normally cheerful and feel urged to keep working for that association. At the point when the representatives are distributed the employments they can do, they feel fulfilled and thus work persistently to guarantee the achievement of the business. Laborers feel so great while carrying out the responsibilities that they like most and thus whenever given occupations they can't handle will lessen efficiency(Schultz Schultz, Duane, 2010). As indicated by this article, there are a few manners by which the supervisors can guarantee inspiration to their laborers. They ought to permit the laborers to draw out their recommendations and offer data with them and listen cautiously what they need to state. The supervisors ought to identify with the representatives in an inviting way and consistently acclaim their hard work(Radoff, Jon, 2011). The administrators ought to consistently regard their representatives' thoughts and be reasonable for every one of them. They ought to show restraint enough with the representatives and furthermore be cautious while making vows to them. Despite the fact that this article has dealt with the approaches to guarantee inspiration of laborers, it has passed up a great opportunity some significant focuses. Letting the workers lead is a most significant approach to propel them, yet this has not been remembered for this article. Permitting the workers customary breaks to invigorate themselves additionally persuades them and accommodating to their wellbeing. This isn't referenced in the article. Giving security at the work environment additionally persuades the representatives to work without fear(Writer, Staff, 2016). Effectiveness is the capacity to expand profitability in a venture, yet it tends to be characterized distinctively and estimated in the financial systems(Writer, Staff, 2016). It's guaranteeing that the assets utilized in the creation procedure are utilized in the most ideal manner conceivable. As per this article, inspiration is the force that drives the individuals, and this is totally a genuine articulation. As per the aftereffects of the examination in this article, the individuals with advanced education status are probably going to be increasingly roused. This isn't the situation in light of the fact that, in any association, all the workers are dealt with decently by the administration with no exceptional kindness to any representative. As indicated by this article, there is sex segregation whereby the females are more esteemed than male laborers. This realizes a logical inconsistency consequently the announcement isn't accurate in light of the fact that in any working environment there ought to be no sexual orientation segregation to guarantee efficiency(Writer, Staff, 2016). This article discusses conjugal status in the outcomes completed; there is no segregation as per conjugal status in any endeavor. End Generally, this article is direct in the first place despite the fact that the presentation part is shallow and the article has passed up a major opportunity some significant focuses on approaches to build the inspiration of the representatives. To have more individuals to peruse this article, it requires another and increasingly explained presentation. When the peruser has genuine instances of methods of propelling the workers and furthermore the impacts of inspiration in expanding profitability of the undertaking, a decent piece of this article has just passed. In general, this is a decent and elegantly composed article which achieve an important data to the supervisors and laborers. This article when considered all in all is applicable and furthermore persuading in light of the fact that it instructs the directors on which inspiration strategies to apply to guarantee that there is high profitability in their organization(Writer, Staff, 2016). Just a couple of focuses should be inc luded inspiration procedures for the article to be finished. References Bakan I., 2011. rgtsel Stratejilerin Temeli. rgtsel Bagllk. Gazi Kitapevi, Ankara. Bruursema, Kari Kessler, Stacy R Spector, Paul E, 2011. Exhausted representatives are getting into mischief: The connection among fatigue and counterproductive work conduct. Work pressure. doi:10.1080/02678373.2011.596670 ed. s.l.:s.n. Gney S., 2011. Ynetim ve Organizasyon, Nobel Yaynevi, Istanbul. Karaman F., 2010. Isletmelerde Motivasyon ve Verimlilik, Etap Yay?nevi, Istanbul. Kayar M., 2012. retim ve Verimlilik, Sekin Yay?nc?l?k. Kaya Y., 2011.Motivasyon Stratejileri, Gerekli Kitap Yay?nevi, Ankara. Koel T., 2010. Isletme Yneticiligi, Beta Yay?nlar?, Istanbul. Nguyen, Mark, 2011. How ceradyne expanded efficiency through viable work the executives. S.l.: industry week. Star

How to Write a Good Introduction For Research Paper

How to Write a Good Introduction For Research PaperA good introduction for the research paper is one of the most important aspects that will help you get better grades. A good introduction to your research can also help the readers to get more information on what you are writing about.The introduction for a research paper should give the reader an idea of the purpose of the paper and what it has to do with the topic. It should also make the reader curious to read the rest of the paper. The introduction will usually highlight the main topics of the paper, explain the nature of the research, and also define what the main outcome of the paper is.It is important that you do not use other types of paper before your first research paper. Remember that this is the place where you will be introducing yourself to the reader, so you need to make sure that the introduction is well written and properly organized.When writing the introduction, remember that it should be short and to the point, bu t should also not bore the reader. It should be interesting enough to make the reader want to continue reading.Make sure that the introduction is written in such a way that the readers will be interested to read the rest of the paper. Make sure that you describe what your research has to do with the main topic of the paper. Do not just tell about the research, but also include the reasons why it is important for the readers to know about the topic.You can also use this introduction as a teaser for the entire research paper. Introduce your topic in an interesting way and then do a discussion on it in your paper. This will give the readers an idea of what you are talking about, and they will be more interested to read more of your paper if they feel like they already know about it.Once you have introduced the specific issue or question that you are dealing with, you can start to discuss it. You can use metaphors, examples, and other strategies that will help the readers to relate your paper to what they already know. When you are using a combination of these techniques, make sure that you use them effectively and thoroughly.Keep in mind that there are different types of issues that people may encounter. Therefore, you need to know that it is very important to know the type of paper that you are writing because your essay will only be successful if it is well written.

Blog Archive MBA News McKinsey Company Partner Named Next UVA Darden Dean

Blog Archive MBA News McKinsey Company Partner Named Next UVA Darden Dean This past April, Darden Dean Robert “Bob” Bruner announced his intention to step down from his position at the helm of the University of Virginia (UVA) business school after a decade-long tenure. This week, the UVA search committee announced in a press release that Scott C. Beardsley, a senior partner at McKinsey Company, will succeed Bruner starting on August 1. Beardsley will serve as the school’s ninth dean and will also assume the Charles C. Abbott Professorship in Business Administration, a role typically held by the MBA program’s dean. Darden Professor Kenneth Eades, who chaired the search committee, explained in an email to the Darden community that the final candidates for the deanship “took part in a rigorous and careful selection process, with representation from Darden’s various stakeholder groups, including alumni.” UVA Provost and Executive Vice President John D. Simon similarly emphasized the “highly competitive and global pool of candidates” from which the new dean was chosen, adding that Beardsley “brings to Darden a deep and global understanding of business.” Beardsley is a graduate of Tufts University, as well as an MIT Sloan alumnus, and is expected to complete an executive doctorate in higher education management at the University of Pennsylvania in May. Having first started at McKinsey in 1989, he reportedly rose to senior partner faster than most. With experience in such varied areas of research as global strategy, regulation of the knowledge economy, and climate change mitigation, Beardsley has spoken at the World Economic Forum at Davos and is currently chair of the board of directors of the American Chamber of Commerce in Belgium. “I believe deeply in Darden’s values and its clear and focused mission to improve the world by developing responsible leaders and advancing knowledge,” Beardsley stated. “I am very excited to be part of the University of Virginia family, and its Jeffersonian commitment to excellence.” Beardsley is expected to “build upon the strong legacy of Bob Bruner,” commented UVA President Teresa A. Sullivan. The change may be among the most significant for Darden in the past ten years, but Sullivan asserts that Darden “is moving from strength to strength.” Share ThisTweet News University of Virginia (Darden)

Control and Manipulation in A Rose for Emily and The...

In William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily and Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper, the two main characters exhibit behavior that some readers may consider unusual or even totally crazy. These two women are having a difficult time adjusting to the many changes taking place around them. In the midst of these changes, they face the struggles of being women such as post partum depression and love and rejection from men. Such problems become so overbearing that each woman ends up in their own delusional world which in turn, leads to their isolation and insanity. Gender issues, love, hate, insanity and isolation, are thematic connections in both stories and are important components of how each woman functions throughout the story and†¦show more content†¦When the woman gets out of bed to investigate the wallpaper in the room, her husband says, â€Å"What is it, little girl? Don’t go walking about like that-you’ll get a cold† (319). His choice of words of calling her a â€Å"little girl† belittles the woman and amplifies her feelings of being isolated, not only physically, but emotionally. Since her husband is away most of the time and leaves her in confinement, the woman immerses herself into studying the wallpaper â€Å"[following] the pattern about by the hour† (317). She follows all the twist and turns of the wallpaper, decoding each detail and discovers what she seems to be a woman in a cage. She spends all her time looking at the paper that she eventually becomes obsessed with figuring out the patterns. She begins to identify with the woman in the cage which could signify her imprisonment in the room and her being tormented by her husband’s lack of sympathy for her condition and his dominance in their marriage. Just as male dominance is an issue for the woman in Gilman’s work, Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† details how Emily’s father and love interest dictate her life. Unlike the woman in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† being dominated by her own husband, Emily Grierson was under her father’s control since an early age. Her, father who was described as â€Å"a spraddled silhouette† and â€Å"clutching a horsewhip†, would chase away any prospective mates for his daughter (Faulkner, 288). Such dominance and solitude carried on untilShow MoreRelatedANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesthe middle. In still other cases, the chronology of plot may shift backward and forward in time, as for example in William Faulkner’s A Rose for Emily, where the author deliberately sets aside the chronological ordering of events and their cause/effect relationship in order to establish an atmosphere of unreality, build suspense and mystery, and underscore Emily Grierson’s own attempt to deny the passage of time itself. Perhaps the most frequently and conventionally used device of interrupting

Henrik Ibsen s A Dollhouse - 1460 Words

Henrik Ibsen’s A Dollhouse A Dollhouse is Henrik Ibsen’s best known realistic problem play. It is about the debt a wife hides from her husband, and the escalation of problems surrounding it occurring around Christmas. The play shocked many viewers because it broke many cultural stigmas at the time. The names, symbols, and dialogue all contribute to the overall impact of the play. According to the article, Henrik Ibsen Biography, Ibsen was a playwright born in Skien, Norway as the oldest of five siblings to Knud and Marichen Ibsen. At the age of 8, Ibsen’s parents went bankrupt, and moved the family â€Å"†¦ to a rundown farm near town.† At 15, Ibsen worked as an apprentice to a pharmacist at an apothecary, and used his free time to write poetry and paint. Ibsen moved to Christiania (later called Oslo), in 1850 where he was offered the job of writer and manager of the Norwegian Theatre in Bergen. In 1862, Ibsen left Norway, and moved to Italy, and later Germany in 1868, where he wrote many realistic plays such as Peer Gynt and The Pillars of Society. He wrote his most famous play, A Dollhouse, in Germany in 1879. After moving back to Norway in 1891, Ibsen wrote more self-reflective plays such as The Master Builder and When We Dead Awaken. After having a series of strokes in 1900, Ibsen died May 23, 1906 (â€Å"Henrik Ibsen Biography†) . The names of the characters in Ibsen’s A Dollhouse and the name of the play itself tells a lot about the play. According to anthology editors, Edgar V.Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s The Dollhouse 2229 Words   |  9 Pages The Dollhouse is a play about society as a whole, as well as the roles upon which we are given in society. Ibsen’s primary focus is on the roles of women within society. Ibsen’s main character is a young woman by the name of Nora. Despite the fact that the story revolves around Nora, there is much meaning that can be gather by everyone who reads it. Ibsen wrote this play hoping that people would watch it and then consider what their role is in today’s society. With that being what his ultimate goalRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Dollhouse 960 Words   |  4 PagesHenrik Ibsen pioneers a unique portrayal of the struggle for personal freedom in â€Å"A Dollhouse.† He uses marriage and gender roles indicative of his era as an example of the constraints placed on people in society. His work is controversial and ahead of its time, and Ibsen is able to show in â€Å"A Dollhouse† morality and societal customs do not always walk hand in hand. Throug h the use of the character Nora, he shows the necessity of sacrifice is sometimes needed to achieve freedom from culture. 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From this play you can watch,notice,celebrate,obey what Ibsen believed about the roles of (community of people or all good people in the world), state where all things are equal between males and females, and the idea of the way of thinking that demands thatRead MoreAnalysis Of The Unseen Truth In A Dollhouse By Henrik Ibsen723 Words   |  3 PagesRuchit Patel Professor Bonds English 112-11 20 July 2017 The Unseen Truth in A Dollhouse A Dollhouse by Henrik Ibsen is a play that focuses on the women empowerment, basically in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. In today’s era, both women and men rub shoulders together in every field. But when Heneik Ibsen wrote this play in 1879, women were considered powerless. Not every woman in the society had ability to decide the outcome. Divorce was not the option, women were obliged to liveRead MoreRepressed Women in Literature2029 Words   |  9 PagesRepressed Women in Literature While the women of the short story â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin, and the drama A Dollhouse by Henrik Ibsen lead very different lives, they are similar in one very obvious way. Both women feel trapped by their husbands and by the expectations society places on them. The repression of Louise and Nora is inflicted upon them by both self and society; how does one remain an individual while also conforming to the traditional female role mandated by society? Chopin’sRead MoreEssay about Marriage Without Love in Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House 1535 Words   |  7 PagesMarriage Without Love in Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House In his play, A Doll?s House, Henrik Ibsen shows a marriage built only on appearances, and not love. Both Nora the wife, and Torvald the husband, pretend they are in love throughout the story. However, love should be patient and kind, and their love is anything but that. Nora treats her husband as a father figure. Her feelings towards Torvald are more about dependence than love. Torvald treats Nora like a child or a pet. He getsRead MoreA New World for Women: A Dollhouse by Henrik Ibsen1089 Words   |  4 PagesA new world for women Henrik Ibsen’s play, â€Å"A Dollhouse† is centered in the late 19th century following the time women seek more of their independence and greater freedom. From the play, â€Å"A Dollhouse†, Ibsen tends to understand women more than they do. As one of Ibsen’s famous play addresses the issue of feminine roles and importance in the past and present era. Nora as a mother and wife decided to quit from her gender roles as a wife and mother, to become an independent self made person afterRead MoreA Feminist Literary Stance, Roles of Women in Henrik Ibsen’s Play A Doll’s House and George Eliot’s Novel Middlemarch1546 Words   |  7 PagesA feminist literary stance, roles of women in Henrik Ibsen’s play A Doll’s House George Eliot’s novel Middlemarch Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House and George Eliot’s Middlemarch are based on events from their personal experiences. The events that lead Ibsen to feel the need to write A Doll’s House makes his approach on the feminist stance a bit more unusual from other writers. Ibsen shows his realist style through modern views and tones that are acted out by the characters in this infamousRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper And A Doll s House1793 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Anna Gilman and â€Å"A Doll’s House† by Henrik Ibsen were both written in the nineteenth century. These stories were written in a time when women were under the male dominance. The story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and the play â€Å"A Doll’s House†, have similarities both portraying women who are in search of their identity and freedom while struggling emotionally. Both of these stories share feminist characteristics and belon g to the same time period when women were considered

Literary Examples Of Didactic Literature - 1194 Words

Didactic literature is not always written alike, it has been and is written to teach children morals, politeness, how to be obedient and responsible and to teach children how they should conform to religious and cultural expectations. Authors use different didactic approaches to convey their desired lesson or persuasion. Examples of didactic readings from our class lectures are The Purple Jar by Maria Edgeworth which uses didacticism to teach that things are not always what they appear and the differences between need and want. In contrast, the story of The Good Little Boy by Mark Twain, uses poking fun at the didactic message of how a good boy is to behave to teach the lesson. Lastly, in the writings of James Janeaway’s A Token for†¦show more content†¦Rosamond is very disappointed and her mother reminds her that her of her input on Rosamond’s purchase that she did tell her to examine the beautiful purple jar before making her decision. Rosamond’s mother tells her â€Å"But didn’t I tell you that you had not examined it, and that perhaps you would be disappointed?† With this the author is teaching the didactic lesson that things are not always as they seem and the reader should always closely examine their decisions. Rosamond ends up with stones in her shoes causing her pain and eventually not being able to attend an event with her father due to her appearance. In this the author is showing the poor decision Rosamond made and the consequences of that decision. Rosamond confides in her mother that she made a poor decision and she would like new shoes now. Rosamond’s mother responds to her request with â€Å"No, Rosamond, you must abide by your own choice; and now the best thing you can possibly do is bear your disappointment with good humor.† The Purple Jar teaches the difference of need and want, that evaluation of the decision should be thorough as things are not always as they appear and th at there are consequences for every decision the readers make. In The Story of The Good Little Boy by Mark Twain, Twain takes a contrasting approach to didactic literature where he tells a story of Jacob Blivens who isShow MoreRelatedLiterature Review : The Great Thing About It Essay1525 Words   |  7 Pagesworld as we know it is fascinating, multifaceted, and cultured because of the literary aura that has been present throughout time. Just like the people that fill our world, some literature has been hurtful, some is beneficial to certain groups and cultures, and some is for pure entertainment. 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In PalestineRead MoreConventions of Nursery Rhymes1167 Words   |  5 Pagesmetrical rhythms, rhyme schemes and repetition of words or sounds. In the poems Young Night-Thought and Where Go the Boats?, Robert Louis Stevenson follows the conventional form of nursery rhymes by using repetition and rhyme schemes to ensure the didactic message is absorbed. Repetition and rhyme scheme go hand in hand when present in nursery rhymes. In Young Night-Thought, Stevenson uses repetition of both sounds and of words as a technique to help with the understanding of basic language. The repetitionRead MoreThe Thousand and One Nights Essay931 Words   |  4 Pages from the proud to the humble, from the gruesome to the gleeful, the tales thread the whole scope of human experience into one long narrative. Some stories are stretched out and form a sort of mini-series. The Voyages of Sinbad the Sailor, for example, are told in seven installments. Others are short anecdotes, barely one page long. 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Aircraft for Engineering Organization- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theAircraft for Engineering Organization. Answer: Introduction Working as a junior Manager in one of the Companies dealing in Aircraft maintenance, it is important to ensure that I set up an effective new line of work to ensure that the company which deals with the maintenance of small passenger aircraft is successful. To be able to do that, I will be required to set up teams through making numerous considerations as stipulated in the report below which will be presented to my Senior Manager in the company. Among other issues, the report detailed below is aimed at looking at how different working Relationships work within our company and the relevance or appropriateness of objectives of relationships in or within Engineering (Kerzner, 2013). Apart from that, the report to the Senior Manager of the Company will also be aimed at working out how the lines of authority need to be put in place in the organization and look at the various roles and responsibilities of Employees in the company as well as how its sub-contractors can be managed. Explanation of the Different Working Relationships within an Engineering Organization Creation of a productive and positive working relationship in an Engineering organization is very essential since it makes it easier for such an organization to achieve its set objectives and goals. It is always prudent to ensure that there is maximum respect between the senior and junior staff within an engineering organization (Kapur Pecht, 2014). One of the important working relationships that should be created in an Engineering organization is that there must be creation of a productive as well as positive working relationships across culture in the organization. The achievement of a positive cultural working relationship across the organization can b made possible when it is build with not only the sensitivity but also understanding over a given time frame. It is important to note that even though engineering counterparts emanating from various countries may be well versed with the same scientific principles and disciplines, they usually operate in different cultural settings. Two engineering teams that come from different cultures can be able to work within a specific set of expectations, norms, and rules. People may thus assume that other engineers may act under the similar set of rules as theirs (Buede Miller, 2016). However, when that does not happen, this implies that there is failure to meet expectations thus resulting in conflicts as well as disasters. It is prudent to note that even though Engineers may be working together in countries which have a shared cultural heritage which ultimately results in shared beliefs and values, there can still exist differences especially related to approaches to rules and time. Another type of working relationship that should be enhanced in the Aircraft Company is good communication skills. It is important for all and sundry in the aircraft company to note that each person is different and thus the best communication style should be used appropriately when dealing with different people in the organization. Examination of Lines of Authority in an Engineering Organization Lines of authority refer to the most fundamental authority in the company that depicts existing superior-subordinate relationships. It comprises of the right of making decisions and also give orders regarding production, finance, or sales finance associated behaviour of the subordinates. It can also be asserted that a line of authority in a business entity or aircraft company will establish individuals who are in charge of giving others orders and significantly contributes to the effective achievement of organizational goals, especially when used properly (Harper, 2015). The line authority that will be used in the Aircraft Company will comprise of managers who will be directly responsible for the achievement of organizational goals. As a result, line introduction at the aircraft Maintenance Company will actually be represented through a standard command chain that will start with the companys Board of Directors and eventually extend down to the activities which are implemented by the company (Licht, 2014). Line authority at the Aircraft Maintenance Company will be mainly be based on the legitimate power. Lines of authority at the Aircraft maintenance company will be identified and be based on the goals of the company. As a result, managers line functions will be limited to production lines of authority, maintenance lines of authority, and sales lines of authority. The production line of authority will mainly deal with the numerous spare parts that will have to be availed in the maintenance of the aircraft while the maintenance line of authority will deal with the actual maintenance of the aircrafts (Child, 2015). The sales line of authority will be concerned with receiving the cash for the various products fitted in the aircrafts and the service when maintaining them. In essence, it will be prudent to ensure that there is clear definition of lines of authority for all the employees in the Aircraft maintenance company by making all employees in the organization become aware of their roles and responsibilities (Stuart, 2015). Roles and Responsibilities of Employees within an Engineering Context The Aircraft Maintenance manager The Aircraft Maintenance manager will be tasked with the responsibility of providing daily oversight of all the operational and functional activities in the maintenance of aircraft machinery, equipment, and facilities (Cech, 2014). Among other duties, the manager will also be responsible for the successful implemental of all the relevant management processes in the company and ensure that he or she recommends the relevant equipment modifications for the upgrades. The manager will also be tasked with the responsibility of developing and maintaining the relevant preventative maintenance programs. Aircraft Maintenance Mechanics Aircraft maintenance mechanics at the company will be tasked with the responsibility of accurately repairing and performing schedules maintenance on all the airplanes and ensure that inspections are performed as mandated or required by the relevant bodies and authorities. Apart from that, the mechanics at the aircraft maintenance company will also be responsible for performing full analysis of all the required work orders, sketches, and drawings to not only troubleshoot but also repair and install the required parts or products (Tafel-Viia Alas, 2015). The mechanics, based on an engineering context will also be required to ensure that they check all the mechanical components of the aircrafts before installation so as to prevent any damage. That apart, mechanics at this aircraft maintenance company will be tasked with the responsibility of ensuring that they accurately estimate the materials and the hours for the jobs that have been scheduled. Aircraft Maintenance Team Lead These individuals will be reporting to the maintenance supervisor and they will be tasked with the responsibility of meeting both the scheduled as well as the unscheduled requirements of maintenance, directing and leading the work of aircraft technicians (Breaugh, 2017). They will also be responsible for the coordination of daily aircraft maintenance activities in collaboration with maintenance supervisors. They will also lead and direct the work or activities of aircraft technicians for inspection, maintenance, troubleshooting, and repair of aircraft structures, systems, and engines. Review of the Relevance of Objectives of Working Relationships within an Engineering Context Having relevant working objectives is very essential for the Aircraft maintenance company in an engineering context due to various reasons. For example, having objectives of working relationships in the engineering context will help the company to take appropriate steps to achieve optimal performance management by avoiding any potential internal obstacles that may occur in the company (Wong et al, 2014). They will also help the company to implement innovative solutions which are geared towards ensuring that organizational processes deliver not only real results but also enhance performance. Working relationships are essential in an engineering context because they will greatly help such organizations to come up with practical steps and concrete guidelines which can be used in enhancing the performance management processes at the aircraft maintenance company. Objectives of working relationships in an engineering context are very essential because they help in ensuring that the actions of each and every employee in the organization is well aligned to the strategic objectives of the company. Having effective working relationship objectives is also prudent in the engineering context because they will help in provision of visibility and clarification of accountability which is related or associated towards expectations of performance (Pahl Beitz, 2013). In addition to that, working relationships in an engineering context are quite essential in that they will help in the documentation of individual performance that will be aimed at supporting career planning as well as compensation decisions. Moreover, objectives of working relationships will help in the establishment of focus for the development of essential skills as well as learning choices activities (Braglia Frosolini, 2014). As a result, this will be beneficial in the creation of the r elevant documentation that may be used for legal reasons to not only support decisions but also minimize disputes in the engineering context. They will also help in the reduction of poorly structured processes in the company. An Explanation of how Sub-Contractors can be Managed A sub-contractor refers to a person or an organization which takes part of a contract from the main or principal contractor or even from another different subcontractor. A subcontractor can also be defined as being a person or a business which carries out work or tasks for an organization as being part of a larger or bigger project. Sub-contractors play a significant role in the general success of the aircraft maintenance company (Kuzniarz et al, 2015). It is therefore important that the company does not choose contractors just based on price alone but rather on their ability to deliver the assigned duties on time as well as on required safety and quality standard. This is quite important since choosing of subcontractors for the aircraft maintenance company based on the cheapness of the price that they offer may cost the company more money as opposed to when an expensive subcontractor was chosen. To effectively manage subcontractors, the aircraft maintenance company should actually view them as being an extension of the general or main contractor and therefore failure by such subcontractors will adversely affect the reputation of the company (Pinder, 2014). When managing the aircraft maintenance companys subcontractors, it is important for the company to comprehend the scope of work for the subcontractor and understand the people who will be supplying all the relevant materials. It is also important for the aircraft maintenance company to effectively understand how the subcontractor they have engaged will be properly reimbursed. The company ought to ensure that the subcontractors that it has hired receives both access and information ahead or on schedule and it should never be delayed by the company or even by other subcontractors that it has hired (Hwang Ng, 2016). Regular meetings should also be held by the relevant subcontractor in order to discuss environmental, quality, and safety issues. Bibliography Braglia, M. and Frosolini, M., 2014. An integrated approach to implement project management information systems within the extended enterprise. International Journal of Project Management, 32(1), pp.18-29. Breaugh, J.A., 2017. to Recruitment. The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of the Psychology of Recruitment, Selection and Employee Retention, p.12. Buede, D. M., Miller, W. D. (2016). The engineering design of systems: models and methods. John Wiley Sons. Cech, E.A., 2014. Culture of disengagement in engineering education?. Science, Technology, Human Values, 39(1), pp.42-72. Child, J., 2015. Organization: contemporary principles and practice. John Wiley Sons. Harper, C., 2015. Organizations: Structures, processes and outcomes. Routledge. Hwang, B.G. and Ng, H.B., 2016. Project network management: risks and contributors from the viewpoint of contractors and sub-contractors. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 22(4), pp.631-648. Kapur, K.C. and Pecht, M., 2014. Reliability engineering. John Wiley Sons. Kerzner, H., 2013. Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Licht, W., 2014. Working for the Railroad: the Organization of Work in the Nineteenth Century. Princeton University Press. Pahl, G. and Beitz, W., 2013. Engineering design: a systematic approach. Springer Science Business Media. Petersen, K., Vakkalanka, S. and Kuzniarz, L., 2015. Guidelines for conducting systematic mapping studies in software engineering: An update. Information and Software Technology, 64, pp.1-18. Pinder, C.C., 2014. Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Stuart, D., 2015. Risk assessment. Company Director, 31(5), p.50. Tafel-Viia, K. and Alas, R., 2015. Differences and Conflicts between Owners and top Managers in the Context of Social Responsibility. Engineering Economics, 64(4). Zou, W., Kumaraswamy, M., Chung, J. and Wong, J., 2014. Identifying the critical success factors for relationship management in PPP projects. International Journal of Project Management, 32(2), pp.265-274.

Calvin and Hobbs Comic Strip Ethical Issue free essay sample

The Calvin and Hobbs comic strip portraying Hobbs’ new approach towards ethical behavior communicates a less vastly recognized point of view regarding the need for morals and justifies why in fact, people regard them as unneeded at all. Hobbs expresses a few ideas in the strip; â€Å"the ends justify the means† , â€Å"might makes right, the winners write the history boxes† and â€Å"it’s a dog eat dog world†. The first idea, â€Å"the ends justify the means†, expresses a widely spread notion that in a materialistic world revolving around self-interest one must do whatever and sacrifice anything he needs in order to receive what he wants. Thus, morals and ethics are in some manner regarded as roadblocks to success, and success can only be achieved through trickery and deceit. A problem with this concept is whose success is to be achieved or wishes are to be fulfilled in such a manner. Calvin is depicted shoving Hobbs into the mud saying; â€Å"you were in my way, now you’re not. We will write a custom essay sample on Calvin and Hobbs Comic Strip Ethical Issue or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The ends justify the means†. This statement does not only mock the aforementioned concept, presenting it in a contemptible light, but also shows that in a world full of unethical behavior originating from egoism and obsession of victory and triumph, will not survive and eventually like in Darwinism only the few strong ones shall reach success. The second concept depicted in comic strip; â€Å"might makes right, the winners write the history boxes† sheds a light on the attitude towards moral behavior throughout history. The history books describe conquest and triumph through brutal wars, goring conflicts, deceit and lies. Might makes right in our cruel history; examples spreading from before count and up until today. Consequentially we see that morals and ethics aren’t just forgotten in the quest for victory but are utterly disposed of; the acts of cruelty are justified and these become the new conduct of beliefs. The last main idea; â€Å"it’s a dog eat dog world† is a concluding statement justifying Hobbs’ sudden change in attitude towards ethics. In a dog eat dog world, many people

Stink Bugs, Family Pentatomidae

Stink Bugs, Family Pentatomidae Whats more fun than a stink bug?! The insects of the family Pentatomidae do, indeed, stink. Spend a little time in your backyard or garden, and you are sure to encounter a stink bug sucking on your plants or sitting in wait of a caterpillar. About The name Pentatomidae, the stink bug family, comes from the Greek pente, meaning five and tomos, meaning section. Some entomologists say this refers to the 5-segmented antennae, while others believe it refers to the stink bugs body, which appears to have five sides or parts. Either way, adult stink bugs are easy to recognize, with wide bodies shaped like shields. A long, triangular scutellum characterizes an insect in the family Pentatomidae. Take a close look at a stink bug, and you will see the piercing, sucking mouthparts. Stink bug nymphs often resemble their adult counterparts but may lack the distinctive shield shape. Nymphs tend to stay close to the egg mass when they first emerge, but soon venture out in search of food. Look for masses of eggs on the undersides of leaves. Classification Kingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass - InsectaOrder - HemipteraFamily - Pentatomidae Diet To the gardener, stink bugs are a mixed blessing. As a group, stink bugs use their piercing, sucking mouthparts to feed on a variety of plants and insects. Most members of the family Pentatomidae suck sap from the fruiting parts of plants and can cause significant injury to the plants. Some damage foliage as well. However, predatory stink bugs overpower caterpillars or beetle larvae, keeping pest insects in check. A few stink bugs begin life as herbivores but become predators. Life Cycle Stink bugs, like all Hemipterans, undergo simple metamorphosis with three life stages: egg, nymph, and adult. The eggs are laid in groups, looking like neatly arranged rows of tiny barrels, on stems and the undersides of leaves. When nymphs emerge, they look similar to the adult stink bug but may appear rounder rather than shield-shaped. Nymphs go through five instars before becoming adults, usually in 4-5 weeks. The adult stink bug overwinters under boards, logs, or leaf litter. In some species, the nymphs may also overwinter. Special Adaptations and Defenses From the name stink bug, you can probably guess its most unique adaptation. Pentatomids expel a foul-smelling compound from special thoracic glands when threatened. In addition to deterring predators, this odor sends a chemical message to other stink bugs, alerting them to danger. These scent glands also play a role in attracting mates and even suppress attacks by harmful microorganisms. Range and Distribution Stink bugs live throughout the world, in fields, meadows, and yards. In North America, there are 250 species of stink bugs. Worldwide, entomologists describe over 4,700 species in nearly 900 genera.

Proposal for a Business Incubator Project Coursework

Proposal for a Business Incubator Project - Coursework Example The project is commercially viable as a business and will form foundation for the development of new businesses and entrepreneurship. Background There is a growing preference among the young people for self-employment with plans for future expansion through experience and accumulated knowledge gained over the period of time in the business. The initial expenses in setting up the office for the business involve rental, purchase of office equipments and appointment of office assistant, in addition to purchasing vehicle for transport in connection with the business. Many of the dreams and well conceived plans for the businesses do not see the day light due to lack of seed capital. The business incubator project proposed is expected to address these problems effectively with little investment on the part of the entrepreneur. Business problems and the concept underlying the project The project aims to solve the problems in raising seed capital for the businesses by the entrepreneurs. The businesses initially started by the entrepreneurs are mostly one man shows. The entrepreneurs need to plan their businesses, establish administrative facilities for the businesses and engage in marketing their products or services. The most important part in the initial stages of the business is to establish office facilities or creating an ‘address’ for the business. This is important since the suppliers or service providers, the customers and other agencies need to contact the people in business in person or send couriers or leave messages. It is also required for storage of materials like drawings, CDs and books connected with the business. Therefore, a place with easy access to customers will be useful in keeping the contacts alive for growth in business and for being abreast of the developments in the markets and technology. Costly rental, capital investment needed for installation of facilities and working capital required for maintaining the office or work place act as deterrents in start-up businesses in most of the cases. Therefore, if the problems associated with this part of the business are effectively addressed, the entrepreneurs are free to plan their other business and marketing activities without bothering about the issues related to establishment of an office. Solution to the business problems There are several jobs which require minimal paper work but extensive travelling in meeting the customers to explain about the product or services. For example, CRM software for a small boutique, clubs or optical products stores keeping in tune with the changes taking place in technological front could catch up in the market in future. Sophisticated software used by the big corporations will be too costly to install in small businesses. This software developed by an entrepreneur might solve various issues connected to the data management relating to small businesses. The development of software is not a problem to a software engineer. But, m arketing of the software needs extensive travelling, demonstration of the product to the prospective clients’ needs conference hall and the business needs an office to attend the calls of the clients and receive the couriers addressed to the business. It is also important to note that the office should be equipped with facilities for communication,

First Experiences in College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

First Experiences in College - Essay Example Personal Narrative An example of a common difficulty experienced by students in their first days is solitude when they still lack friends. Students have uneasy times, usually dealing with strangers and possible humiliations that they may face. Cultural diversity among the students who are strangers can cause tension. Racial tensions, for instance, are common among new college students (German 155). Interaction among the students may encourage interpersonal efficacy, betterment of self-confidence and self-awareness (Burks 110). During my first days, I maintained openness and, therefore, managed to make friends. In cases when a student does not have any familiar person studying in the college, he or she may experience isolation (German 156). Isolation may result to other detrimental emotional conditions. Time management without factors compelling students is another issue they find challenging during their first days in college. It is a student’s absolute responsibility to be disciplined to master the essence of proper time management, which is crucial to success in college education. I learnt that responsibility is an invaluable virtue for every college student.

Novel effect Essay Example for Free

Novel effect Essay I think Mary Shelley used language to develop lots of atmosphere in chapter five, I think this is because this huge build up of atmosphere makes you read faster and faster, and makes you want to read more. She uses many long, complex sentences, such as Delighted and surprised, I embraced her; but as I imprinted the first kiss on her lips, they became livid with the hue of death; her features appeared to change, and I thought that I held the corpse of my dead mother in my arms; a shroud enveloped her form, and I saw the grave-worms crawling in the folds of the flannel, this creates tension, giving the novel more effect. As she has used so many long complex sentences, many commas and semi-colons are used, this makes the reader pause a lot whilst reading, giving the effect of many short sentences, embedded into long, complex ones. As well as these sentences, she also uses many short sentences, and all of these changes lead you to read faster, which creates more tension. An example of one of the short sentences used is Beautiful! Another way Mary Shelley may have wanted to create atmosphere is by using many powerful adjectives such as dreary, and miserable. Words like these also give the effect of imagery, as well as creating huge amounts of atmosphere. Many other phrases in the book also help build atmosphere, many of which are things Frankenstein says, often about his monster. Examples of this are miserable monster, and wretch. I think Mary Shelly also created atmosphere another way, without the reader even realising she is trying to. In the novel, many archaic words and phrases are used, like lassitude, and I beheld the accomplishment of my toils. These words and phrases suit the gothic horror style the novel is written in, and help build up atmosphere. They also give the impression something spooky is going on, as they dont sound like words we would use today. Also, naturally, people are scared of things that are unfamiliar, and Mary Shelley may have used these archaic words to give the book more of a spooky effect. I feel that chapter five links to the key themes in the novel, and I think the main one is the fact that Mary Shelley may have been hinting in her novel, that you cant play god, and in chapter five, that is what Frankenstein is obsessed with doing. His friend, Henry, also notices this, and states I did not before remark how very ill you appear; so thin and pale; you look as if you had been watching for several nights. This implies that Frankenstein is an extremely obsessive character, and that he will not rest, until he has fulfilled his goal, creating life (playing god). The rest of the novel is about how Frankensteins desperation for power, comes back to haunt him. I also feel that chapter five links in with the key theme in the novel in another way. Whilst taking about her novel, Mary Shelley said Frightful must it be; for supremely frightful would be the effect of any human endeavour to mock the stupendous mechanism of the Creator of the world. I feel that the meaning of this phrase, is that she is saying only god should have the power over life and death, and anyone who tries to defy him (by creating life), should be scared, as he will not accept it, and punish the person who defied his right. I think that in her story, she was subliminally hinting this, as she constantly refers to god. When Frankenstein is running away from the monster, the night it is created, he sees the steeple, its white steeple, and many other hints are also made. She could be hinting that straight after the monster is created, god has planned what will happen next. Furthermore, this shows that in the 19th century people were extremely religious, and took care about what they did, as they did not want god to punish them for their actions. Also, the phrase infuse a spark of being into the lifeless thing that lay at my feet, is stating that he is going to use electricity of some kind, to bring the thing, to life. This relates to galvanism, which is the process of running charges of electricity through dead animals and trying to bring them back to life, in actual fact, the charges were just making the muscles of the dead animal spasm. So the phrase shows that in the 19th century, many people were trying to bring dead things back to life. Mary Shelley got the idea of using lightning to bring the monster back to life from Luigi Galvanis idea of galvanism, we know this because as well as overhearing her husband and Lord Byron talking about it, she was also very up to date with scientific experiments at the time. Furthermore, chapter five also gives us a better understanding of 19th century prose. The words and phrases in chapter five, are typical of 19th century language, for example, the phrase infinite pains and care I had endeavoured to form, is a phrase we would not use nowadays. Phrases such as this tell us that in the 19th century, writers would write in a much more formal style. I think that this is because in the 19th century, anyone who could read and write would be from an extremely wealthy family, and books were written to suit their style of language, not for the middle class. Another example of a 19th century word is countenance (another word for face), at present time, people are always looking to find abbreviations, so they can communicate faster, however, words like countenance are much longer, and more suited to the formal 19th century style of literature. From chapter five, we can also learn that in the 19th century, writers would use lots of powerful adjectives, and 19th century works would be very descriptive, with lots of imagery. Examples of powerful descriptive phrases, and adjectives are grave-worms crawling, and demonical. These words add lots of atmosphere to the story, and there is a strong use of imagery. The final thing I have learned about 19th century prose from chapter five is the use of colons and semi colons. Mary Shelley uses many semi colons and commas in the novel, and her use of commas and semi colons allows her to build atmosphere using long and complex sentences, and then often rapidly switch to a short one, for example I took refuge in the courtyard belonging to the house which I inhabited; where I remained during the rest of the night, walking up and down in the greatest agitation, listening attentively, catching and fearing each sound as if it were to announce the approach of the demoniacal corpse to which I had so miserably given life, then, the first sentence in the next paragraph is just the word Oh! This shows that in the 19th century, very often, some people would use commas and semi colons often, instead of full stops.

Essay on Internet Privacy - Carnivore, and the Power Of FBI Surveillanc

Carnivore: The Power Of FBI Surveillance      Ã‚  Ã‚   Abstract:   This paper provides an analysis of the privacy issues associated with governmental Internet surveillance, with a focus on the recently disclosed FBI tool known as Carnivore. It concludes that, while some system of surveillance is necessary, more mechanisms to prevent abuse of privacy must exist.    Communication surveillance has been a controversial issue in the US since the 1920's, when the Supreme Court deemed unwarranted wiretaps legitimate in the case of Olmstead v United States. Since telephone wires ran over public grounds, and the property of Olmstead was not physically violated, the wiretap was upheld as lawful. However, the Supreme Court overturned this ruling in 1967 in the landmark case of Katz v United States. On the basis of the fourth amendment, the court established that individuals have the right to privacy of communication, and that wiretapping is unconstitutional unless it is authorized by a search warrant. [Bowyer, 142-143] Since then, the right to communication privacy has become accepted as an integral facet of the American deontological code of ethics. The FBI has made an at least perfunctory effort to respect the public's demand for Internet privacy with its new Internet surveillance system, Carnivore. However, the current implementation of Carnivore unne cessarily jeopardizes the privacy of innocent individuals.    There is considerable utilitarian value in extending privacy rights to the Internet. The fear that communication is being monitored by a third party inevitably leads to inefficiency, because individuals feel a need to find loopholes in the surveillance. For instance, if the public does not feel comfortable with communica... ... best way to establish this balance of power is by requiring the FBI to have the ISP's perform the searches themselves.          Works Cited Kevin W. Bowyer. "Ethics And Computing". IEEE Press, New York. 2001. (142-143).    Patrick Ross. News.com. http://news.cnet.com/news/0-1005-200-2713029.html September 2000    Patrick Riley. Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/national/071100/carnivore.sml July 11th, 2000    Donald M. Kerr. FBI. http://www.fbi.gov/pressrm/congress/congress00/kerr090600.htm September 6th, 2000    IITRI. http://www.usdoj.gov/jmd/publications/carnivore_draft_1.pdf November 17th, 2000.    Thomas C. Greene. The Register   http://www.theregister.co.uk/content/6/15591.html December 19th, 2000    Chris Oakes. Wired News. http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,37470,00.html July 12th, 2000

Consideration is the essential element Essay

Introduction 1 According to Lord Pollock’s definition of consideration which is an act or forbearance of one party, or the promise thereof, is the price for which the promise of the other is bought and the promise thus given for value is enforceable.2 Besides that, consideration must be something of value given or promised in exchange for the promise given by the other party in order for a valid contract to be formed.3 The term â€Å"something of value† can be defined as a payment, an act or services, an object or giving up legal right. There are certain rules of consideration that have been established in the precedent case. The first rule of consideration is it will only exist when a contract is to be enforceable.4 Secondly, a good consideration can be done in the present and future but not the past.5 A consideration can be done even though the promisor has no knowledge of it.6 The fourth rule of consideration is it does not have to be adequate or commercially realistic.7 Also, consideration must be tangible and cannot be too vague. 8 Lastly, consideration must be legally sufficient in the eye of the law.9 The objective of this research essay is to discuss and explain the rule of the consideration which is consideration does not have to be adequate or commercially realistic but it has to be sufficient and how these legal concepts relate to the cases. Thus, this research essay also discusses whether Australia contract law should provide greater clarity about what is sufficient consideration. Consideration can be Nominal It is one of the rules of consideration where consideration does not have to be adequate or commercially realistic.10 This rule simply means that the price in return does not have to be right.11 Thus, court will not look into whether the price is adequate or not, as long as some price is paid, the court will not look further about it. Even though it is a very low price or a nominal price is paid or promised, the price might be a price in name only. The case of Thomas v Thomas12is often cited on this rule. In the case of Thomas v Thomas where Thomas was ill and he had made a will but had made no provision for his wife’s residence after his death. He called his executor and requested that when he died his wife could live in his house until her demise. The executor agreed and later drew up an agreement with  the Thomas’s wife. She was requires to pay $ 1.00 per year to stay in the house until she died. The court held that, any amount of money is enough to support a contract even though the price that requires to paid was only a nominal price. Thus, the court will not look behind the price as long as a price is paid or promised. Through the case of Thomas v Thomas, it shows that any some of money even it is small or nominal, it will constitute good consideration for a contract.13 Besides that, the court are not involved in the price detailed for two reason which the first is the â€Å"freedom of contract† principle applies and the second reason is that the case wouldn’t end if the court did look into more detail of the price to be paid.14 Furthermore, consideration does not only express in currency terms, it can also be anything valuable. This concept has been stated in the case of Chappell & Co v Nestle Co Ltd.15 In the case of Chappell & Co v Nestle Co Ltd, Nestle want to promote their sale of the chocolate, they offered recorded music to the public for the sterling equivalent of 15 cents, but buyers had to also send in the wallpaper from three 5 cents chocolate bar. Where, Chappell owned the copyright of one of tunes in the free record so they charge Nestle 6.25% of the retail selling price. Chappell claimed revenue of 6.25% of the record price plus the value of three chocolate bar wrappers. The court held that the empty wrappers were part of revenue collected. The fact that the empty wrappers have no intrinsic value to Nestle was irrelevant. Thus, the consideration for the free record was the money plus the value of three chocolate bars wrappers. As we can see from the case of Chappell & Co v Nestle Co Ltd, the chocolate bars wrappers would have constituted sufficient consideration in the eye of the law.16 Therefore, consideration does not only express in money term, it can also be anything that is valuable. Consideration must be tangible This is another rule of consideration where it must not be too vague or indefinite.17 Consideration must be tangible but not nebulous.18 This has been shown in the case of White v Bluett.19 In White v Bluett, a son  borrowed money from his father and signed a â€Å"promissory note† to prove the debt. He notices that similar loans were made by his father to his brother without a note having been signed. He harassed his father, and his father told him that he would forgive the repayment of debt if the son ceases the harassment. After the father died, the administrator of the estate found out the note and sued the son but the son argued that the debt had been forgiven in consideration of his undertaking to cease harassment. The court held that there is no consideration as the promise was too vague to have legally recognized value. From the case of White v Bluett, it shown that if a promise is relied on as consideration is too vague and indefinite that the courts will not enforced it and it will not constitute consideration.20 Consideration must be Legally Sufficient This rule simply mean that consideration must be sufficient and it must have a legally value recognised value.21 Thus, a mere moral obligation or the natural love and affection do not deliver sufficient consideration.22 This has been shown in the case of Eastwood v Kenyon.23 In this case, as a guardian, Eastwood had incurred many expenses for the girl. 24 As an adult, the girl and her husband Kenyon promised to pay Eastwood.25 At the end, they refuse to pay back then Kenyon was sued upon this promise. Therefore, the situation show that such a moral obligation is not a consideration.26 Besides that, in general rule a promise to perform an existing obligation is not a sufficient consideration as it promises no more than what that party already bound to do.27The rule expresses the concept of illusory consideration. Thus, when there is a promise not to sue, or when there is an abandon to a claim, it can be a sufficient consideration. This has been shown in the case of Wigan v Edward28. Where the court decision is that, given that the buyer honestly believed that they do not need to settle unless he rectified the defects, the compromise of that belief provided good consideration for the builder’s promise.29 Furthermore, performing an obligation under a pre-existing contract is not a good consideration for a new promise for extra payment unless the performance of the obligation requires additional tasks to be completed or  involves providing additional practical benefit to the promisor.30 The additional practical benefit is an exception to the rule that a promise to carry out a pre-existing duty may create valid consideration. This has been show in the case of Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls (Contractors).31 In Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls, Roffey were a firm of builders contracted to renovate a block of flats. Their own contract contained a penalty clause for late completion, so it was in their interest to finish the work in time. Part of this work they sub-contracted to Williams. As work progressed, Williams fell behind schedule because, they claimed, they had not set an adequate price for the work. They negotiated a new deal with Roffey that an additional sum was to be pay on the completion of each building. When the next building was complete, Roffey refused to pay. The court held that, there was consideration in this case as the new agreement conferred additional practical benefit on Roffey, in particular an early completion would allow them to avoid the exercise of the penalty clause. As we can see from the case of Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls, a promise to perform an existing contractual duty does not provide valuable consideration but the case show that Roffey had provide additional practical benefit and then consideration exist. Conclusion In conclusion, consideration must be of sufficient value in the eye of law and it must be something that identifiable and tangible. Thus, it does not have to be commercially adequate to the promise as the parties are free to make their own bargains and the court will not get involve into the commercial adequacy.32 Therefore, Australia Contract Law should not provide greater clarity as it is a sufficient consideration.

Evolution And Natural Selection The Benefits Of Mutation

Evolution and Natural Selection; The benefits of Mutation Areeba Yousuf Introduction Charles Darwin, a naturalist around the 1800’s , discovered the theory of evolution. He discovered this observation of evolution with his voyages around the world. The specific animals that proved Darwin s theory were the finches he discovered in South America, and then found many variations at many different places. He studies these finches in depth and discovered that they were similar yet somehow different; the first indicator being their beaks. Darwin slowly understood that the reason as to why there were different formation of beaks for the fiches was because of the environment and the food source they found there. This is how the â€Å"Tree of†¦show more content†¦Eventually, this trait will be passed onto generations forward. Evolution and the process of natural selection happen over a long period of time. In order to explore the evolution of species adapting to the their environment, in this case, the species being beetles, the purpose of this lab was to investigate evolution of beetles as they adapt to their different colored environments and to see how favorable traits are passed off to offspring in relation to the survival rate of the beetle’s species. This experiment would successfully prove Darwin’s five step natural selection process: â€Å"To summarise Darwin s Theory of Evolution; 1. Variation: There is Variation in Every Population. 2. Competition: Organisms Compete for limited resources. 3. Offspring: Organisms produce more Offspring than can survive. 4. Genetics: Organisms pass Genetic traits on to their offspring. 5. Natural Selection: Those organisms with the Most Beneficial Traits are more likely to Survive and Reproduce.† (The Theory of Evolution; Charles Darwin,2012) The hypothesis is that if more mutation that leads to variation in the population of beetles is an advantage then the resulting offspring would carry on the favorable genes, causing increase in the population’s fitness and survival rate. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted on March